Establishing Logical Persistent Connections

A.

Layer 5 of the OSI model is the Session Layer.This layer provides a logical persistent connection between peer hosts.

A session is analogous to a conversation that is necessary for applications to exchange information.

The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and closing end-to-end connections, called sessions, between applications located at different network endpoints.

Dialogue control management provided by the session layer includes full-duplex, half-duplex, and simplex communications.

Session layer management also helps to ensure that multiple streams of data stay synchronized with each other, as in the case of multimedia applications like video conferencing, and assists with the prevention of application related data errors.

The session layer is responsible for creating, maintaining, and tearing down the session.

Three modes are offered: (Full) Duplex: Both hosts can exchange information simultaneously, independent of each other.

Half Duplex: Hosts can exchange information, but only one host at a time.

Simplex: Only one host can send information to its peer.

Information travels in one direction only.

Another aspect of performance that is worthy of some attention is the mode of operation of the network or connection.

Obviously, whenever we connect together device A and device B, there must be some way for A to send to B and B to send to A.

Many people dont realize, however, that networking technologies can differ in terms of how these two directions of communication are handled.

Depending on how the network is set up, and the characteristics of the technologies used, performance may be improved through the selection of performance-enhancing modes.

Basic Communication Modes of Operation Let's begin with a look at the three basic modes of operation that can exist for any network connection, communications channel, or interface.

Simplex Operation - In simplex operation, a network cable or communications channel can only send information in one direction; it's a "one-way street"

This may seem counter- intuitive: what's the point of communications that only travel in one direction? In fact, there are at least two different places where simplex operation is encountered in modern networking.

The first is when two distinct channels are used for communication: one transmits from A to B and the other from B to A.

This is surprisingly common, even though not always obvious.

For example, most if not all fiber optic communication is simplex, using one strand to send data in each direction.

But this may not be obvious if the pair of fiber strands are combined into one cable.

Simplex operation is also used in special types of technologies, especially ones that are asymmetric.

For example, one type of satellite Internet access sends data over the satellite only for downloads, while a regular dial-up modem is used for upload to the service provider.

In this case, both the satellite link and the dial-up connection are operating in a simplex mode.

Half-Duplex Operation - Technologies that employ half-duplex operation are capable of sending information in both directions between two nodes, but only one direction or the other can be utilized at a time.

This is a fairly common mode of operation when there is only a single network medium (cable, radio frequency and so forth) between devices.

While this term is often used to describe the behavior of a pair of devices, it can more generally refer to any number of connected devices that take turns transmitting.

For example, in conventional Ethernet networks, any device can transmit, but only one may do so at a time.

For this reason, regular (unswitched) Ethernet networks are often said to be "half-duplex", even though it may seem strange to describe a LAN that way.

Full-Duplex Operation - In full-duplex operation, a connection between two devices is capable of sending data in both directions simultaneously.

Full-duplex channels can be constructed either as a pair of simplex links (as described above) or using one channel designed to permit bidirectional simultaneous transmissions.

A full-duplex link can only connect two devices, so many such links are required if multiple devices are to be connected together.

Note that the term "full-duplex" is somewhat redundant; "duplex" would suffice, but everyone still says "full-duplex" (likely, to differentiate this mode from half- duplex)

For a listing of protocols associated with Layer 5 of the OSI model, see below: ADSP - AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ASP - AppleTalk Session Protocol H.245 - Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication ISO-SP - OSI session-layer protocol (X.225, ISO 8327) iSNS - Internet Storage Name Service The following are incorrect answers: Synchronous and Asynchronous are not session layer modes.

Half simplex does not exist.

By definition, simplex means that information travels one way only, so half-simplex is a oxymoron.

Reference(s) used for this question: Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21)

Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 5603-5636)

Auerbach Publications.

Kindle Edition.

and http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_SimplexFullDuplexandHalfDuplexOperation.htm and http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-session-layer.htm.

The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model and provides services to establish, maintain, and terminate sessions between communicating hosts. The session layer is responsible for establishing a logical connection between peer hosts and maintaining it for the duration of the session.

To establish this logical connection, the session layer uses one of the following modes:

A. Full duplex: Full duplex refers to the simultaneous bidirectional transmission of data between the communicating hosts. In this mode, both the sender and receiver can transmit and receive data at the same time. Full duplex communication provides faster data transfer rates and reduces latency.

B. Synchronous: Synchronous mode refers to a mode of communication where the sender and receiver synchronize their clocks before transmitting and receiving data. This ensures that the data is transmitted and received at the correct time, reducing errors and improving reliability.

C. Asynchronous: Asynchronous mode is a mode of communication where the sender and receiver do not synchronize their clocks before transmitting and receiving data. Instead, the sender sends data in small chunks, and the receiver waits for each chunk before processing it. Asynchronous communication is slower than synchronous communication, but it is more reliable as it reduces the risk of data loss.

D. Half-duplex: Half-duplex refers to a mode of communication where the sender and receiver can transmit and receive data, but not at the same time. In this mode, the sender sends data, and then the receiver sends data back. This mode of communication is slower than full-duplex but is still used in some applications.

In conclusion, the session layer uses one of the above modes to establish a logical connection between peer hosts. Full duplex, synchronous, and asynchronous modes provide bidirectional communication between the hosts, while half-duplex allows only one-way communication at a time.